Salar de Uyuni is the world's largest salt flat at 4,085 square miles. It is located in southwest Bolivia.
I can understand tourists who go to this indescribable beauty. Looking at such a landscape, it is difficult to believe that this place is on Earth
In every country, as we speak, people are drinking alcohol in order to intoxicate themselves. Certain types of liquor are notorious for the way they affect the drinker. Brandy has a reputation for inducing painful hangovers, while specific liquors, such as Jagermeister, are known as digestives liquor and are meant to be consumed after meals to aid digestion. However, some of the most famous types of liquor are known primarily for their extremely high alcohol content. Some of the world's strongest alcohols are chemically engineered and produced to severely alter your state of consciousness.
Nihonshu a.k.a. Sake
Sake is Japanese liquor produced from rice, water, and mold. This alcoholic beverage was first documented in 712 A.D. as it was found in the Kojiki, or Japan's first written history. Sake is unique because of its multiple parallel fermentation process. This is where starch is converted to sugar, and sugar into alcohol by way of yeast simultaneously; whereas many other alcohols complete one process at a time. While Japanese demand for sake decreases, the worldwide popularity and demand for sake increases. Sake is almost always 30-40 proof, and since alcohol content is exactly half the proof, sake weighs in at 15-20% alcohol per volume.
Southern Comfort
The recipe to this U.S. neutral grain spirit liqueur is one of grandeur. Beginning with quality bourbon, add one inch vanilla bean, a quarter of lemon, half a cinnamon stick, four cloves, a few cherries and an orange slice. Let ingredients sit for several days and finish with a touch of honey. This fruit spiced whiskey flavored alcohol is a favorite among college campuses across the United States. The alcohol per volume in Southern Comfort ranges from 21-50% making it a versatile crowd pleaser.
Mescal
All of you who have eaten the worm are familiar with Mescal. Produced only from agave plants in Oaxaca, Mexico, this alcohol must meet strict guidelines in order to be mescal. Earth ovens are used in the early processes of cooking down the hearts of the agave plant to produce the liquor. Three classifications of mescal are produced: Anejo, Reposado, and Joven. This liquor is consumed heavily by U.S. tourists while in Mexico, and as for the worm - its name is Hypopta Agavis. Known as the Maguey worm, this species is commonly found on agave plants. The alcohol content of mescal is between 35-40%, rivaling its sister liquor tequila.
Arrack
The word arrack is derived from the Arabic word arak, which translates to "sweet" or "strong liquor." Those who drink arrack commonly agree that the taste is that of a whiskey-rum blend. Distilled from fermented fruits, grain, sugar cane, and the sap of coconut palms arrack is most popular in Sri Lanka, Indonesia, and the Philippines. The proof of arrack differs with each recipe; therefore, the alcohol content varies from 33-50%. Arrack is commonly used in cocktails, and can compliment other beverages such as orange juice and cola.
Vodka
Vodka is without question the most popular spirit in the liquor market today. We're sure you already knew this and have some fuzzy memories of your own experiences with it. This alcohol has low levels of congeners, or impurities, which minimizes the damage of a hangover. For the same reason, vodka is the most versatile liquor when mixing into cocktails. All this can be attributed to vodka being distilled anywhere from 3-7 times before bottling. Created in the grain harvesting areas of Western Russia, Belarus, Lithuania, Ukraine and Poland, the ingredients of vodka are rye or wheat, potatoes, and sugar beet molasses. The alcohol content of vodka varies between 35-50%.
Tequila
This spirit is produced from only the blue agave plant grown in the Jalisco regions of Guanajuato, Michoacán, Nayarit, and Tamaulipas. The restrictions upon tequila instructions are linked to the volcanic soil which provides perfect conditions for blue agave growth. Tequila is indeed special liquor, but contrary to popular belief it does not contain any hallucinogenic properties, it's just a real sloppy drunk. Tequila has five categories including Blanco, Joven, Reposado, Anejo, and Extra Anejo. The difference being age and casking techniques, which can be seen in the hue of tequila going from clear, yellow, amber, and dark brown. Tequila proof is measured between 70 and 110 giving this liquor an alcohol content of 35-55%.
Gin
Presently, most gin is distilled, produced, and consumed in Europe, the majority of that in the United Kingdom. White grain flavored with juniper berries is distilled at the beginning of the the process. Once done, the grain is distilled again with other botanicals such as anise, angelica root, coriander, saffron and licorice root. The consensus among the majority of folks is that gin smells like pine trees and tastes like rubbing alcohol. This spirit certainly has a reputation, but as a medicinal alcohol not many spirits can match its usefulness. The alcohol content of gin is 40-50% as its potency matches its complexity.
Brandy
Brandy is enjoyed in its own special glass called a snifter. Regarded as luxury liquor, this eaux-de-vie has an alcohol content between 36-60%. Brandy is best known for being after dinner drink due to its uncompromising smoothness. The word brandy is derived from the Dutch word brandewijn which translates to "burnt wine." There are three classifications of brandy: grape, fruit, or pomace. Many of the famous brandies hail from the Cognac region of France such as Courvoisier, Remy Martin, and Hennessy. As delicious as brandy may be, congeners in this alcohol are considerably higher than other spirits therefore resulting in quite the hangover the morning after.
Wild Turkey
This bourbon whiskey is produced near Lawrenceburg, Kentucky and has an alcohol content ranging from 40-54%. Wild Turkey is nicknamed the "Dirty Bird," as its reputation proceeds itself as strong liquor. The ingredients used to make Wild Turkey come from across the nation, the barley coming from Montana, the corn from Kentucky and Indiana and the rye coming mostly from North Dakota. In 1995, Wild Turkey released its 101 proof label available only in the United States. Standard bourbons are 80 proof, giving a slight edge to the Turkey for being one of the strongest liquors in its class.
American Whiskey
We discussed Wild Turkey, and it's technically an American whiskey, so why didn't we group it together with these whiskies? The reason is due to the standard proof of many bourbons being 80, but can reach as high as 120. All bourbon whiskies are aged in charred oak barrels to achieve the flavor and appearance they possess. There are four distinct types of whiskey: single malt, vatted malt, blended grain, and single grain. Evidence suggests that distillation was brought from the Mediterranean region back to the British Isles in the 6th and 7th centuries. Famous brands of bourbon whiskey include Jack Daniels, Evan Williams and Jim Beam.
Scotch Whisky
Just as with bourbon whiskey, there are four distinct categories for Scotch whisky. You may have noticed the different spelling: Americans and the Irish spell whiskey with an e, and the Scots spell whisky without an e, just to be difficult. Scotch whisky is one of the slowest aging liquors, as well as one of the most expensive when acquiring rare years. There are six Scotch producing regions in Scotland: Islands, Islay, Campbeltown, Lowland, Highland, and Speyside. Scotch whisky has an identical proof to its American counterparts ranging from 80-136, giving Scotch an alcohol content of 40-68%.
Absinthe
Absinthe is among the world's most potent and intoxicating liquors. It's nicknamed "la fee verte" and better known as the Green fairy. Absinthe's alcohol content ranges from 45-68% and is traditionally green, but can be colorless. Absinthe is anise flavored, and the active chemical thujone can be found in the main ingredient, Artemisia Absinthium, a.k.a. Grande wormwood. Absinthe has been illegal in the United States since 1915 because of its alleged psychoactive effects upon consumers. Absinthe is enjoyed by slowly trickling ice cold water onto a sugar cube placed atop a special spoon that allows the water and sugar to dissolve equally into the absinthe.
Bacardi 151
Have you ever been to a party where a watermelon has been cored and soaked in alcohol? If you have, chances are you are familiar with Bacardi 151. The name stems from the proof of the rum, which is 151 providing for an alcohol content of 75.5%. This over-proof rum is used mainly for cocktails, and the infamous "pj" or party juice. Bacardi is the only brand that installs a flame arrester on the bottle due to the high volatility of the alcohol. Popular flaming drinks, such as the B-52, require Bacardi 151 to concoct.
Grain Alcohol
Due to the extreme alcohol content of 95% grain alcohol, it is illegal to purchase in California, Florida, New York, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Hawaii, Michigan, Nevada, and Virginia. This liquor is a neutral grain spirit which is relatively low in impurities, which you've learned by now, minimizes the effects of what we all know to be a hangover. Grain alcohol has an ugly reputation on college campuses everywhere due to the ease in which alcohol poisoning can occur while consuming it. This spirit has nearly tripled the potency of most alcohols, but finds itself within the same price range. Grain alcohol is without a doubt the strongest spirit available for retail purchase.
Moonshine
At the top of the mountain rests the heavyweight champion of all liquors. Moonshine is produced in unlicensed stills, registers a perfect 100% alcohol content, and can be found in more than 60 countries. Moonshine, hooch, or white lightning can be made from corn meal, sugar, yeast, and water. There are two different types of still that are used to produce moonshine, a still pot and a reflux still. The still pot is more commonly used among shiners for its simplicity and mobility. The reflux still is capable of producing finer quality hooch at faster rates but sacrifices mobility. "Lead burns red and makes you dead" is a famous adage concerning the lead contents of moonshine and how when set ablaze turns red. Moonshine can be flavored with any fruit, and even birch bark to give the hooch a minty flavor.
So, What'll You Have?
Pick your poison carefully because each type of alcohol will produce a different kind of drunk. Vodka and Tequila are known for sloppy, loose drunkenness. Scotch whisky and bourbons are known for chest-warming heavy-headed buzzes. Rum, brandy, and specifically cognacs are associated with extremely painful hangovers. Alcohol reacts differently to all individuals in regard to their body chemistry. Across the world in many countries friends, family, and acquaintances have been getting hammered the whole time you were reading this article. In an attempt to catch up with them, we'd suggest Long Island Iced Tea.
Based on recently revised estimates, BP's ruptured oil well at the bottom of the Gulf of Mexico continues to leak 25,000 to 30,000 barrels of oil a day. The new figures suggest that an amount of oil equivalent to the Exxon Valdez disaster could still be flowing into the Gulf of Mexico every 8 to 10 days. Despite apparent efforts to restrict journalists from accessing affected areas, stories, video and photographs continue to emerge. Collected here are recent photographs of oil-affected wildlife, people and shorelines around the Gulf of Mexico on this, the 51st day after the initial explosion.
Oil covered brown pelicans found off the Louisiana coast and affected by the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico wait in a holding pen for cleaning at the Fort Jackson Oiled Wildlife Rehabilitation Center in Buras, Louisiana, June 9, 2010.
I received a mail from my friend Joseph who is employed at an automotive spare parts company in New Delhi [ Images ]. He narrated to me how he was duped at a petrol station recently. He drove into his neighborhood petrol station one late evening and paid for 30 litres petrol that was duly dispensed by the salesman into his car's fuel tank.
Joseph is regional manager for his company and travels across Delhi and Haryana in his Maruti [ Get Quote ] Esteem extensively. He loves his car as much as he loves his girlfriend. Although most of his colleagues have graduated to more expensive models, Joseph remains loyal to his car as much as he remains loyal to his college-time girlfriend. He was even blindly loyal to the petrol station that has cheated him so shamelessly.
"I have been buying from this station for the past five years and though I was tempted to switch over to another new swanky station with dazzling dispensers, I didn't do so because of my old association with this petrol pump. This station has old weary looking pumps, but I liked the salesmen there, the way one of them would rush to talk to me, while his colleague dispensed fuel in my tank. I never suspected that they would dupe me. Now I am angry and sad. I suspect they might have cheated me in the past too," writes Joseph in his elaborate email.
Now this is what happened at the petrol pump: after paying for 30 litres of petrol, Joseph moved out but soon realised that fuel indicator showed that the tank was only quarter full.
He immediately came back and pointed it out to the salesman, who feigned ignorance and then said that the fuel indicator could be faulty.
Joseph then demanded that the complaint book be provided to him but the salesman refused, saying that the book was locked up in the salesroom.
An exasperated Joseph had almost given up when he saw a board that was conspicuously displayed on the salesroom wall. It carried the phone number of the oil company's sales manager. He began dialing the number when he was stopped by the salesman mid-way.
"Sir, you are our regular customer and you haven't had any complaints till date. So why get into the hassle. Let me fill additional 15 litres for you free."
Joseph happily accepted the offer, but realised later that the salesman wasn't an angel to have given him the fuel for free. He e-mailed me to ask me as to what must have happened.
Breaking some myths about the petrol pumps: Most are NOT cheats!
I am asked this question many times by my friends: 'Do petrol pumps cheat? Do they adulterate petrol with solvents and diesel with kerosene? Do they sell short?
My answer to the first two questions is always an emphatic 'NO!' Petrol station dealers, as a group are as good or bad as any other group of professionals. It is just that they are a more maligned lot.
Let's consider any other professional body of workers and then benchmark the petroleum dealers against them:
Just as there is no definite "YES" or "NO" to any of the questions above and just as there are some rotten apples among all sections of society, it is also true that some petrol station dealers might be cheats. But one cannot call all petrol dealers cheats, because they aren't.
Having worked in this industry for 20 years and knowing many dealers of almost all the four public sector oil companies and of Reliance [ Get Quote ], I can say with some degree of certainty that majority of oil dealers don't indulge in adulteration.
I can even say that not more than 15 per cent dealers indulge in any malpractice. Adulterating petrol or diesel has been on the wane with the interventionist attitude of the Union ministry of petroleum and natural gas. Strict measures taken by the oil companies -- like increasing the frequency of joint inspections and surprise testing of products by mobile labs -- have also helped in curbing the adulteration menace.
Adulteration is quite low in large cities, but still prevalent in remote and rural areas. But even in rural areas only a few dealers indulge in this.
As regards to third question of short measuring, my response is 'YES.' I agree that quite a few dealers don't sell you five litres when they charge you for five litres. Some of them will sell you short by 0.3% to 2% in the metro cities, and up to 5 per cent short in smaller cities.
Some dealers sell 0.3% short because the margin on petroleum products is less than 2%, and the high electricity costs, credit costs, rising wage bills and, most importantly, the handling and evaporation losses eat into their margins leaving them with no other option but to sell short.
If one takes into account the pilferage by tanker drivers who are engaged to transport fuel from the oil company installations to the fuel stations, it would even emerge that the business model is an unviable one for survival. Dealers thus deliver short.
Can we do something to end short-selling?
To be honest, I would answer this question with another emphatic 'NO.' It is worthwhile to note here that the customers also don't feel the pinch if the dealer sells 0.3% short (15 ml in 5 litres, that is) since the customer has no way of noticing it.
The customer must, however, be on guard against big-ticket duping that may set him back by a few thousands every year. Here's how it can be done:
Select your petrol pump with care
1. Wherever possible patronise company-owned and company-operated petrol pumps (COCO) that are manned by the oil company officials themselves.
A note of caution here: many petrol stations claim they are COCOs whereas the fact is that they are run by contractors.
One of the best company-owned stations that I know of is an HPCL [ Get Quote ] station behind Hotel Ashok in New Delhi.
The Reliance COCOs are also excellent in respect of delivering the correct quantity of fuel.
2. Another method of identifying stations that don't sell a lot less than one pays for is to go to those stations that are patronised by three-wheelers. This may not be possible in Delhi, Mumbai [ Images ] and Bangalore as all 3-wheelers have shifted to CNG, but this rule-of-thumb can be applied to those cities where 3-wheelers still run on petrol (Pune, Hyderabad, etc.). These auto rickshaw drivers check mileage after every refill and use their own methods like dipping a foot-ruler into the tank to know if the pump has delivered the correct quantity or not. And they are always right in their assessment!
3. It is best to patronise stations, which have the newest pumps like the multi-product dispensers (MPDs) installed to service customers. MPDs are believed to be quite tamper-proof and hence they will deliver correct quantity of petrol. I have even found that many dealers complain about MPDs delivering excess quantities due to the voltage fluctuations!
Many high selling stations in big cities are equipped with MPDs. I can say from experience that the old mechanical pumps can be easily manipulated to sell short.
Often check your car's mileage
1. One good way to know if your regular filling station is delivering short or not is to top up your tank. It is dangerous to top up the tank to the brim. The best method to top up the tank is to get the fill-up from a pump that has an auto-cut-off nozzle.
The moment the nozzle cuts off the fuel supply, stop filling up at that point. Note your car's odometer reading. Let's suppose that the odometer reading is 8,000 km. After a few days, come back to the same pump and again fill up using the auto-cut-off nozzle. Note the odometer reading again. If the odometer reading reads 8500 km and on the second turn you bought 30 litres petrol before the pump nozzle cut off then your car has given a per litre mileage of (8,500-8,000)/ 30 = 16.6 km per litre.
2. You should repeat the same exercise at other stations. The station that gives your car the best mileage per litre is the best station for you. In fact, this exercise should be carried out as many times as possible to eliminate any inaccuracies that might creep into the results due to varying traffic congestions on different routes at different times.
Be alert when you enter a petrol pump
1. Always ensure that before the fuelling process is started the pump board display reading is set at ZERO.
What might have happened in Joseph's case is that the customer who was serviced at the pump before Joseph bought 15 litres of petrol and when Joseph's turn came, the salesman started filling up his car tank with the pump display showing 15 litres. He stopped after the pump display showed 30 litres. Joseph thought that he received 30 litres, but in reality he got only 15 litres.
2. Come out of your car while the salesman fills up your tank. Many salesmen at some petrol pumps indulge in sharp practice. I have known a station in Delhi, where the moment you position your car near the pump island, a salesman will come near you and engage you in polite conversation while his colleague at the other end would pour some of the petrol not into your tank but in a container hidden from you!
It is therefore best to come out of your car and stand near the point of sale to ensure that you are not at the receiving end of any such sharp practice.
3. Instruct the salesman to deliver the fuel slowly. Unbelievable as it may seem, the fact is that several pumps (even the swanky electronic Z-line pumps) are adjusted in such a manner that if the fuel is dispensed at a fast pace, the quantity actually dispensed is less than what you pay for based upon the display reading on the pump board. It is advisable that the salesman is instructed to deliver petrol at a slow pace.
You may end up getting more fuel than you pay for, much to the chagrin of the canny dealer. I would add here that not all dealers have perfected this manipulation of pumps and that only a few dealers practice this 'art.'
Lodge a complaint if you feel you have been short-changed
1. Oil companies are quite swift in attending to the complaints that they receive in writing. It is no use asking the salesmen for the complaint register. He will always say that it is locked up in the cupboard or may cook any other excuse. It is better to lodge the complaint on the Web site of the oil majors or send a written complaint to their office.
The phone numbers and the office address are prominently displayed at the station and the complaints are quickly attended to.
2. Being informed about your rights helps. It is your right to know if the quantity being dispensed to you is correct and it's the dealer's duty to provide all necessary assistance to you. Consumer rights and the duties of the oil companies are contained in the Citizen's Charter issued by the oil companies and endorsed by the Union petroleum ministry.
Each station is required to keep a five-litre calibrated measure (certified by the Weights and Measures Department) and you can demand that the measure be filled up in your presence to let you know the if the pump is dispensing accurately or not.
I would even suggest that in case you feel strongly about something, please call up the field manager of the respective oil company and fix an appointment with him at the petrol station. He will personally enlighten you about the various checks for assessing the quality of the product, like the simple density test. He may even agree to draw samples of the product and will deliver it to the ISO accredited laboratory. He will also deliver to you the test results. Oil companies have changed over the years and the field managers deployed are amongst the best officers working for the oil PSUs.
So next time you enter a petrol station, be alert so that you are not duped.
Also don't forget to tip the salesman if you are happy. These guys are poorly paid and if we all leave some small change for them, they may even give up this sharp practice.
The author is a management consultant in the field of fuel marketing with over 20 years of experience. Currently, he is based in Nigeria, helping a former Shell company set up best retail and customer services practices.
